جدول المحتويات
Fi 23 Sibtambar 1999, faqadat NASA al-ittisal bi-Mars Climate Orbiter. Al-markaba al-fada'iya, alati taqdir bi-125 milyun dolar, ihtaraqat fi al-ghilaf al-jawwi lil-Mirrikh bisabab khata' fi tahwil al-wahadat. Kana muhandisu Lockheed Martin qad barmaju bayanat al-daf' bi-wahadat al-bund-quwwa/thaniya, baynama kana barnamij al-milaha li-NASA yantazir nyutn-thaniya. Hadha al-tafawut al-wahid arsala al-markaba 100 kilometr aqrab ila al-Mirrikh mimma kana mukhattat lahu, mimma dammaraha bi-l-kamil. Hadhihi al-karitha tadhkir sarikh: tahwil al-wahadat laysa majard riyadiyat akadimiya. Inna yu'aththir ala al-nata'ij al-fi'liya fi al-tibb wal-handasa wal-tayaran wal-hayat al-yawmiya. Mumarrida tahsub jaraat al-adwiya, mi'mari yusammim al-hayakil al-hamila, tayyar yaqra' ajhizat al-irtifa' - kuluhum ya'tamidun ala tahwilat daqiqa.
1Qissat al-Qiyas al-Hadith
Qabl al-wahadat al-mu'ayyara, kana al-qiyas fawda. Kana al-qadam fi Paris mukhtalifan an al-qadam fi London. Kanat al-munaza'at al-tijariya da'ima, wa kana al-ta'awun al-ilmi mustahilan taqriban. Ghayyarat al-Thawra al-Faransiya kulla shay'.
Al-Thawra al-Faransiya Tunshi' al-Nizam al-Mitri
Fi 1790, kallafat al-Jam'iya al-Wataniya al-Faransiya nizam qiyas alamiya. Kana al-hadaf tumuha: insha' wahadat mabniyan ala al-tabi'a nafsaha, laysa ala ajza' ajsam al-muluk. Ikhtara al-ulama' al-mitr ka-wahid ala ashra malyin min al-masafa min al-Qutb al-Shimali ila khat al-istiwa' (muqas abra Paris, bi-l-tab'). U'arrif al-kilugram ka-kutlat litr wahid min al-ma' inda 4 darajat Celsius.
Limadha Yanjah al-Nizam al-Mitri Bi-Shakl Jayyid
Jamal al-mitri fi buniyatihi al-ashariya. Kulla shay' yatawassa' bi-quwa 10. Kilometr wahid huwa 1,000 mitr. Kilugram wahid huwa 1,000 gram. Litr wahid huwa 1,000 mililiter. Qarin hadha bil-imbiraturii: 12 insh fi al-qadam, 3 aqdam fi al-yarda, 1,760 yarda fi al-mil. Al-adam al-ittisaq mujnin lil-hisabat.
Mu'ahadat al-Mitr (1875)
Fi 1875, waqqa'at sab'a ashara dawla Mu'ahadat al-Mitr fi Paris, mu'assisan al-Maktab al-Dawli lil-Awzan wal-Maqayis (BIPM). Hadha al-munazzama tuhafiz ala al-ma'ayir alati tu'arrif wahadatina hatta al-yawm. Maththalat al-mu'ahada awwal muhawalat al-bashariya al-najihah fi tawahud al-qiyas al-alami.
2Al-Wahadat al-Asasiya al-Sab'a li-SI
Yu'arrif al-Nizam al-Dawli lil-Wahadat (SI) sab' wahadat asasiya tushtaqq minha jami' al-wahadat al-ukhra. Fahm hadhihi huwa asas kull tahwil lil-wahadat.
Al-Tul: Al-Mitr
Mu'arraf asliyyan bi-muhit al-Ard, al-mitr al-an mu'arraf bi-sur'at al-daw': al-masafa alati yaqta'uha al-daw' fi 1/299,792,458 min al-thaniya. Hadha al-ta'rif, al-mutabanna fi 1983, daqiq jiddan bihayth lan yahtaj ila tahdith abadan.
Al-Kutla: Al-Kilugram
Li-muddat 130 aman, kana al-kilugram mu'arraf bi-ustuwana min al-bilatinum-iridium mahfuza fi khızana qarib min Paris. Fi 2019, a'ada al-ulama' ta'rifahu bistakhdam thabit Planck, qima asasiya fi mikanika al-kamm. Hadha ja'ala al-kilugram mustaqillan an ay kay'n maddi.
Al-Wahadat al-Asasiya al-Khamsa al-Ukhra
Al-waqt yuqas bil-thawani (mu'arraf bi-ihtizazat dharrat al-sizyum: 9,192,631,770 fil-thaniya). Al-tayyar al-kahraba'i yastakhdim al-ambir. Al-harara tastakhdim al-kalvin (hayth 0 K huwa al-sifr al-mutlaq, hawali -273.15 Celsius). Kammiyat al-madda tastakhdim al-mol. Shiddat al-idaa'a tastakhdim al-kandila.
3Indama Tusbih Akhta' al-Tahwil Qatila
Kanat karihat Mars Orbiter mukallifa, lakin ba'd akhta' tahwil al-wahadat kallafat arwahan bashariya. Tuzhir hadhihi al-halat limadha al-diqqa muhimma.
Ta'irat Gimli al-Inzilaqiya (1983)
Nafada al-wuqud min rihla Air Canadá 143 ala irtifa' 41,000 qadam li'anna taqim al-ard khallat bayn al-bund wal-kilugram. Ihtajat Boeing 767 ila 22,300 kg min al-wuqud lakin talaqat faqat 22,300 bund, taqriban nisf al-kammiya al-matluba. Min khilal qiyada istithna'iya, nazala al-taqim bil-ta'ira ila hubut idtirari fi mattar sabiq fi Gimli, Manitoba.
Kawarith Jaraat al-Adwiya
Tubligh al-mustashfayat an mi'at akhta' dawiya sanawiyyan tataallaq bi-khalat al-wahadat. Nuqtat ashariya fi mawqi' khati' yumkin an ta'ni jaraa za'ida bi-ashra a'daf. Al-farq bayn al-miligram wal-mikrugram, amil 1,000, qatala marda.
Safina Vasa al-Harbiya (1628)
Ghariqat safina al-Suwayd al-qawiya Vasa fi rihlataha al-ula li'anna nizmay qiyas mukhtalifayn istukhdima athnaa' al-bina'. Iktashafa al-athariyun anna al-masatir ala janib wahid min al-safina kanat mu'ayyara bil-aqdam al-suwaidiya (hawali 12 insh) baynama al-janib al-akhar istakhdama aqdam Amsterdam (hawali 11 insh).
4Istiratijiyat al-Tahwil al-Amaliya
Al-an lil-juz' al-mufid: kayfa tuhawwil al-wahadat bi-sur'a wa diqqa fi al-mawaqif al-haqiqiya.
Tariqat al-Tahlil al-Bu'di
Hadhihi al-taqniya, tusammah aydan tariqat al-amil-al-wasma, la tukhti' lil-tahwilat al-mu'aqqada. Uktub qimatak al-ibtida'iya ma'a wahdatiha, thumma udrib fi awamil al-tahwil al-murattaba bihayth tulghah al-wahadat ghayr al-matluba.
Ikhtisarat al-Hisab al-Dhihni al-Sari'a
Ihfaz ba'd tahwilat al-irtikaz wa yumkinuk taqdir ay shay' taqriban. Lil-tul: 1 insh hawali 2.5 sm, 1 qadam hawali 30 sm, 1 mil hawali 1.6 km. Lil-wazn: 1 kg hawali 2.2 bund, 1 unsa hawali 28 gram.
Mata Tahumm al-Diqqa
Lil-tabkh al-yawmi aw al-safar, al-taqdirirat al-taqribiya tajdi nafa'an. Lil-handasa aw al-tibb aw al-ilm, istakhdim awamil tahwil daqiqa wa ihmil manazil ashariya kafiya. Al-tahwil min al-insh ila al-santimitr huwa bi-l-dabt 2.54, laysa taqriban 2.5.
نصائح احترافية
- 1Ihfaz al-marasii al-ra'isiya: 1 insh = 2.54 sm (daqiq), 1 kg = 2.2 bund, 1 mil = 1.6 km, 1 litr = 0.26 galon
- 2Lil-harara: da'if Celsius wa adif 30 lil-husul ala taqdir sari' li-Fahrenheit
- 3Tahaqqaq da'iman min al-wahadat marratayn fi al-hisabat al-tibbiya aw al-handasiya aw al-maliya
- 4Istakhdim al-tahlil al-bu'di lil-tahwilat al-mu'aqqada: uktub jami' al-wahadat wa ulghiha bi-shakl munazzam
- 5Fi halat al-shakk hawla galonat US maqabil UK (3.78L maqabil 4.54L), is'al min ay balad ya'ti al-qiyas
Tahwil al-wahadat mahara tajsur al-fajwa bayn taqalid al-qiyas al-mukhtalifa. Sawa' kunta tattabi' wasfa dawliya, aw tursi' turud ila al-kharij, aw tatahaqqaq min mu'ashshirat sihhtak, aw tabni shay'an daqiqan, fahm kayfa tantaqil bayn al-wahadat huwa quwwa kharaqa amaliya. Al-kawarith alati naqashnaha, min markabat Mars ila akhta' al-adwiya, tudhakkiruna bi-anna al-diqqa muhimma. Lakin la tada' dhalika yukhifuk. Ma'a al-mabadi' al-asasiya min hadha al-dalil wal-mumarasa al-muntazima, yasir al-tahwil tabi'iyan. Wa indama tahtaj an takun muta'akkidan tamamaan, istakhdim adawat al-tahwil ladayna lil-husul ala qiyam daqiqa fawran.
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